Tikamaganizira za zipangizo za tsiku ndi tsiku, aluminiyamu nthawi zambiri imabwera m'maganizo chifukwa cha kufala kwake muzinthu kuyambira zitini za soda mpaka ndege. Koma zimenezi zimadzutsa funso lofunika kwambiri: Ndi aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo? Yankho lake ndi lalikulu inde- aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo. Komabe, zifukwa za gulu ili, mawonekedwe apadera a aluminiyumu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kumafuna kuunika mozama.
| Zoona | Kufotokozera |
|---|---|
| Magalasi | Aluminium yopyapyala imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalasi |
| Miyala Yamtengo Wapatali Yopanga | Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga miyala yamtengo wapatali ya rubi ndi safiro |
| Kusungunuka Kwapachaka | Za 41 matani mamiliyoni a aluminiyamu amasungunuka chaka chilichonse |
| Kuchepetsa Mphamvu Zopanga | Mphamvu zopangira aluminiyamu zachepa 70% pomaliza 100 zaka |
| Washington Monument | Pamwamba pake ndi piramidi ya aluminiyamu |
Musanayambe kudumphira muzochita za aluminiyamu, choyamba timvetsetse zomwe zimayenereza chinthu ngati chitsulo. Zitsulo zimatanthauzidwa ndi seti ya thupi ndi mankhwala. Pansipa pali tebulo lofotokozera mwachidule zazitsulo:
| Katundu | Kufotokozera |
| Conductivity | Zitsulo ndizoyendetsa bwino kwambiri magetsi ndi kutentha chifukwa cha kuyenda kwaulere kwa ma electron mkati mwa ma atomiki awo. |
| Malleability | Zitsulo zimatha kumenyedwa kapena kukulungidwa kukhala mapepala owonda osasweka, kuwapanga kukhala abwino kwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamakampani. |
| Ductility | Zitsulo zimatha kutambasulidwa kukhala mawaya osaduka, khalidwe lina lomwe limawonjezera kusinthasintha kwawo. |
| Luster | Zitsulo zimakhala ndi maonekedwe owala, zomwe zili chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kuwunikira kuwala. |
| Kuchulukana | Zitsulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kachulukidwe kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti amakhala olemera chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. |
| Mphamvu | Zitsulo ndi zamphamvu komanso zosagwirizana ndi mphamvu zakunja, kuwapanga kukhala oyenera pazomangira ndi zomangamanga. |
| Kukaniza kwa Corrosion | Ngakhale zitsulo zina zimatha kuwononga, ambiri ali ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi dzimbiri kapena amatha kuthandizidwa kuti awonjezere kukana kwawo. |
| Magnetism | Zitsulo zina, makamaka chitsulo, ndi maginito, ngakhale sizitsulo zonse zomwe zimasonyeza maginito. |
Aluminiyamu imalowa m'gulu lazitsulo chifukwa imawonetsa mawonekedwe onse azitsulo, ngakhale ndi zosiyana zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunika kwambiri. Pano pali kuyang'anitsitsa momwe aluminiyumu imayenderana ndi zitsulo zambiri:
| Katundu | Makhalidwe a Aluminium |
| Conductivity | Aluminiyamu ndi kondakitala wabwino wa magetsi ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamizere yamagetsi, chachiwiri ndi mkuwa ponena za kayendedwe ka magetsi pakati pa zitsulo. |
| Malleability | Aluminiyamu ndi yosungunuka kwambiri, kulola kuti agubudulidwe mosavuta mu mapepala owonda kapena zojambulazo. |
| Ductility | Aluminiyamu akhoza kukokedwa mu mawaya, n’chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawaya amagetsi komanso popanga mawaya abwino. |
| Luster | Aluminiyamu yodulidwa kumene ili ndi kuwala, zonyezimira zoyera zasiliva, ngakhale imatha kukhala oxidize ndikupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ngati sichikuthandizidwa kapena kuphimbidwa. |
| Kuchulukana | Aluminiyamu ndi yopepuka poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale omwe kulemera ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, monga mu engineering ya zamlengalenga. |
| Mphamvu | Ngakhale aluminiyumu yoyera ndi yopanda mphamvu ngati zitsulo zina, mphamvu yake imatha kukulitsidwa kwambiri polumikizana ndi zinthu zina monga magnesium, mkuwa, kapena zinc. |
| Kukaniza kwa Corrosion | Aluminiyamu mwachilengedwe amapanga wosanjikiza wopyapyala wa okusayidi ukakhala ndi mpweya, zomwe zimateteza kuti zisawonongeke, kupanga kukhala yabwino kwa ntchito zakunja ndi zam'madzi. |
| Magnetism | Aluminium si maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kusokoneza maginito kuyenera kupewedwa, monga mu zipangizo zamagetsi. |
Aluminium imayikidwa mu gulu 13 pa periodic table, kumene amaikidwa ngati chitsulo chapambuyo pa kusintha. Ili ndi nambala ya atomiki 13 ndi chizindikiro Al. Kusintha kwa ma elekitironi a aluminiyamu ndi [Inde] 3s²3p¹, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ili ndi ma elekitironi atatu a valence omwe amatha kutayika mosavuta kuti apange ayoni abwino (Al³⁺), khalidwe la zitsulo.
Pansipa pali tebulo lomwe likuwonetsa mphamvu za atomiki za aluminiyumu:
| Katundu | Mtengo |
| Nambala ya Atomiki | 13 |
| Misa ya Atomiki | 26.98 u |
| Kusintha kwa Electron | [Inde] 3s²3p¹ |
| Gulu mu Periodic Table | Gulu 13 |
| Kuchulukana | 2.70 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 660.3°C |
| Boiling Point | 2519°C |
Aluminiyamu sinali nthawi zonse zinthu zomwe zili paliponse masiku ano. Pamenepo, poyamba ankaona kuti ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali kuposa golide. M'zaka za zana la 19, njira yopezera aluminiyamu kuchokera ku miyala yake, bauxite, zinali zodula komanso zovutirapo, kupanga chitsulocho kukhala chosowa kwambiri komanso chamtengo wapatali. Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha njira ya Hall-Héroult mu 1886, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti aluminiyamu azitulutsa bwino, chitsulocho chinakhala chofikirika kwambiri.
Zida za aluminiyumu zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pansipa pali tebulo lomwe likuwonetsa zina mwamafakitale ofunikira omwe aluminiyamu ndi ofunikira:
| Makampani | Kugwiritsa ntchito |
| Zamlengalenga | Aluminium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ndege chifukwa chopepuka komanso champhamvu, zomwe zimathandizira kuti mafuta azigwira bwino ntchito komanso magwiridwe antchito onse. |
| Zagalimoto | Aluminium imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamafelemu agalimoto, injini zigawo, ndi mawilo, kumathandiza kuchepetsa kulemera kwa magalimoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azigwira bwino ntchito komanso amachepetsa kutulutsa mpweya. |
| Zomangamanga | Aluminiyamu is used in window frames, denga, ndi mbali chifukwa cha kulimba kwake, kukana dzimbiri, ndi kukopa kokongola. |
| Kupaka | Aluminiyamu is commonly used in beverage cans, zojambula zojambula, ndi zotengera zakudya chifukwa chosakhala poizoni komanso zotchinga zabwino kwambiri polimbana ndi kuwala, mpweya, ndi chinyezi. |
| Zamagetsi | Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamizere yamagetsi, zingwe, ndi zida zamagetsi chifukwa chamayendedwe ake abwino komanso opepuka. |
| M'madzi | Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zombo ndi mabwato chifukwa cha kukana kwa dzimbiri, makamaka m'malo amadzi amchere. |
| Katundu Wogula | Aluminium imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo, kuphatikizapo ziwiya zakukhitchini, zida, ndi zida zamagetsi, chifukwa cha kulimba kwake komanso kukongola kwake. |
Ngakhale aluminiyumu yoyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri, nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi zitsulo zina kuti awonjezere katundu wake. Zinthu zodziwika bwino za alloying zimaphatikizapo magnesium, mkuwa, manganese, silicon, ndi zinc. Ma aluminiyamu aloyi awa amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana, aliyense ali ndi makhalidwe enieni oyenera ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
| Aloyi Series | Chinthu choyambirira cha Alloying(s) | Makhalidwe Ofunikira | Common Application |
| 1000 Mndandanda | Aluminiyamu wangwiro (99% kapena kuposa) | Kukana kwabwino kwa dzimbiri, mkulu matenthedwe ndi madutsidwe magetsi | Makondakitala amagetsi, osinthanitsa kutentha, zida zamankhwala |
| 2000 Mndandanda | Mkuwa | Mphamvu zapamwamba, makina abwino, zosagwira dzimbiri | Zomanga ndege, mafelemu agalimoto |
| 3000 Mndandanda | Manganese | Zabwino kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu zapakatikati, ntchito yabwino | Ziwiya zophikira, zotengera zokakamiza, kusungirako mankhwala |
| 5000 Mndandanda | Magnesium | Mphamvu zapamwamba, kukana dzimbiri bwino, chowotcherera | Mapulogalamu apanyanja, mapanelo magalimoto, zotengera zokakamiza |
| 6000 Mndandanda | Magnesium ndi silicon | Mphamvu zokhazikika komanso kukana dzimbiri, machinability kwambiri ndi weldability | Zigawo zamapangidwe, ntchito zomangamanga |
| 7000 Mndandanda | Zinc | Mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri, zosagwira dzimbiri, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ndege | Mapulogalamu apamlengalenga, zida zamasewera |
Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za aluminiyumu ndikubwezeretsanso kwake. Aluminiyamu imatha kubwezeretsedwanso kosatha popanda kutaya katundu wake, kupanga kukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zokhazikika zomwe zilipo. Kubwezeretsanso aluminiyumu kumafuna pafupifupi 5% za mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga aluminiyamu yoyamba kuchokera ku bauxite, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri zochitika zachilengedwe.
Pano pali kuyerekezera kwa mphamvu zamagetsi pakati pa kupanga aluminiyamu yoyamba ndi kubwezeretsanso:
| Njira | Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu (MJ/kg) | Kutulutsa kwa CO₂ (makilogalamu CO₂/kg) | Mtengo Wobwezeretsanso |
| Primary Production | 190-220 | 11-13 | ~ 30-35% |
| Kubwezeretsanso | 10-15 | 0.6-0.8 | ~90-95% |
Malingaliro a kampani Henan Huasheng Aluminium Co., Ltd., Ltd (HHALU mwachidule), yokhazikitsidwa mu 2001, ili ku Huiguo Town, likulu lodziwika bwino la Aluminium m'chigawo cha Henan, Ndi katswiri wopanga ndipo amachita kafukufuku, chitukuko, kupanga, malonda ndi ntchito ya mbale ya aluminiyamu, zitsulo za aluminiyamu, zitsulo za aluminiyumu, aluminiyumu yozungulira ndi bwalo la aluminiyumu.
Kuphatikiza apo, HHALU amagulitsanso mbale ya aluminiyamu yomanga ndi zombo, mbale ya aluminiyamu galasi, ndi magalimoto aluminiyamu aloyi mbale.
No.53, Njira ya Dongming, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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